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In my view, the Christian religion is the most important and one of the first things in which all children, under a free government ought to be instructed... No truth is more evident to my mind than that the Christian religion must be the basis of any government intended to secure the rights and privileges of a free people.
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1828 Noah Webster Dictionary
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1828.mshaffer.com › Word [rough]

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rough

ROUGH, a. [L. raucus. Eng. rye, that is rough. L. ruga, a wrinkle. Gr. to snore. L. ruga, a wrinkle, a ridge. See Ridge. The primary sense is to stretch or strain; but applied to roughness or wrinkling, it is to draw or contract, a straining together.]

1. Having inequalities, small ridges or points on the surface; not smooth or plane; as a rough board, a rough stone; rough cloth.

2. Stony; abounding with stones and stumps; as rough land; or simply with stones; as a rough road.

3. Not wrought or polished; as a rough diamond.

4. Thrown into huge waves; violently agitated; as a rough sea.

5. Tempestuous; stormy; boisterous; as rough weather.

6. Austere to the taste; harsh; as rough wine.

7. Harsh to the ear; grating; jarring; unharmonious; as rough sounds; rough numbers.

8. Rugged of temper; severe; austere; rude; not mild or courteous.

A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough.

9. Coarse in manners; rude.

A surly boatman, rough as seas and wind.

10. Harsh; violent; not easy; as a rough remedy.

11. Hard featured; not delicate; as a rough visage.

12. Harsh; severe; uncivil; as rough usage.

13. Terrible; dreadful.

On the rough edge of battle, ere it join'd, Satan advanc'd.

14. Rugged; disordered in appearance; coarse.

Rough from the tossing surge Ulysses moves.

15. Hairy; shaggy; covered with hairs, bristles and the like.


Evolution (or devolution) of this word [rough]

1828 Webster1844 Webster1913 Webster

ROUGH, a. [L. raucus. Eng. rye, that is rough. L. ruga, a wrinkle. Gr. to snore. L. ruga, a wrinkle, a ridge. See Ridge. The primary sense is to stretch or strain; but applied to roughness or wrinkling, it is to draw or contract, a straining together.]

1. Having inequalities, small ridges or points on the surface; not smooth or plane; as a rough board, a rough stone; rough cloth.

2. Stony; abounding with stones and stumps; as rough land; or simply with stones; as a rough road.

3. Not wrought or polished; as a rough diamond.

4. Thrown into huge waves; violently agitated; as a rough sea.

5. Tempestuous; stormy; boisterous; as rough weather.

6. Austere to the taste; harsh; as rough wine.

7. Harsh to the ear; grating; jarring; unharmonious; as rough sounds; rough numbers.

8. Rugged of temper; severe; austere; rude; not mild or courteous.

A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough.

9. Coarse in manners; rude.

A surly boatman, rough as seas and wind.

10. Harsh; violent; not easy; as a rough remedy.

11. Hard featured; not delicate; as a rough visage.

12. Harsh; severe; uncivil; as rough usage.

13. Terrible; dreadful.

On the rough edge of battle, ere it join'd, Satan advanc'd.

14. Rugged; disordered in appearance; coarse.

Rough from the tossing surge Ulysses moves.

15. Hairy; shaggy; covered with hairs, bristles and the like.

ROUGH, a. [ruf; Sax. hreog, hreoh, hrug, reoh, rug, ruh, href, hreof; D. ruig, rough, shaggy, whence our rug, rugged; G. rauh, rough, and rauch, hoarse, L. raucus, It. rauco; Sw. rugg, entangled hair; ruggig, rugged, shaggy; Dan. rog, rug, rye; W. crec and cryg, rough, rugged, hoarse, curling, and crecian, to creak, to scream, Eng. shriek; creg, hoarse, from cryg, or the same word varied. Cryg is from rhyg, Eng. rye, that is, rough; (crwca, crooked, is probably from the same source;) Sax. raca, hraca, a cough; L. ruga, a wrinkle; W. rhoçi, to grunt or growl; rhwc, what is rough, irregular, a grunt; rhwçiaw, to grunt; rhuwc, a rug, a rough garment, an exterior coat; rhuc, a coat, husk or shell; rhwnc, a snoring, snorting, or rattling noise. The latter is probably from the same root, from roughness, and this is the Gr. ῥεγχω, to snore; Ann. rochat or dirochat, to snore; diroch, snoring. The Welsh unites rough with creak, shriek; and shrug is formed on the root of L. ruga, a wrinkle, a ridge. See Ridge. The primary sense is to stretch or strain; but applied to roughness or wrinkling, it is to draw or contract, a straining together.]

  1. Having inequalities, small ridges or points on the surface; not smooth or plane; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth.
  2. Stony; abounding with stones and stumps; as, rough land; or simply with stones; as, a rough road.
  3. Not wrought or polished; as, a rough diamond.
  4. Thrown into huge waves; violently agitated; as, a rough sea.
  5. Tempestuous; stormy; boisterous; as, rough weather.
  6. Austere to the taste; harsh; as, rough wine.
  7. Harsh to the ear; grating; jarring; unharmonious; as, rough sounds; rough number. Pope.
  8. Rugged of temper; severe; austere; rude; not mild or courteous. A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak.
  9. Coarse in manners; rude. A surly boatman, rough as seas and wind. Prior.
  10. Harsh; violent; not easy; as, a rough remedy. Clarendon.
  11. Harsh; severe; uncivil; as, rough usage. Locke.
  12. Hard featured; not delicate; as, a rough visage. Dryden.
  13. Terrible; dreadful. On the rough edge of battle, are it join'd, / Satan advanc'd. Milton.
  14. Rugged; disordered in appearance; coarse. Rough from the tossing surge Ulysses moves. Pope.
  15. Hairy; shaggy; covered with hairs, bristles and the like.

Rough
  1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth.

    Specifically: (a)
  2. Boisterous weather.

    [Obs.] Fletcher.
  3. In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.

    Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats. Sir W. Scott.

  4. To render rough; to roughen.
  5. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish.

    Specifically: (a)
  6. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.

    In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough.

    Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning.

  7. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes.

    Crabb.
  8. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; -- with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch.

    Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. -- To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.

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Rough

ROUGH, adjective [Latin raucus. Eng. rye, that is rough Latin ruga, a wrinkle. Gr. to snore. Latin ruga, a wrinkle, a ridge. See Ridge. The primary sense is to stretch or strain; but applied to roughness or wrinkling, it is to draw or contract, a straining together.]

1. Having inequalities, small ridges or points on the surface; not smooth or plane; as a rough board, a rough stone; rough cloth.

2. Stony; abounding with stones and stumps; as rough land; or simply with stones; as a rough road.

3. Not wrought or polished; as a rough diamond.

4. Thrown into huge waves; violently agitated; as a rough sea.

5. Tempestuous; stormy; boisterous; as rough weather.

6. Austere to the taste; harsh; as rough wine.

7. Harsh to the ear; grating; jarring; unharmonious; as rough sounds; rough numbers.

8. Rugged of temper; severe; austere; rude; not mild or courteous.

A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough

9. Coarse in manners; rude.

A surly boatman, rough as seas and wind.

10. Harsh; violent; not easy; as a rough remedy.

11. Hard featured; not delicate; as a rough visage.

12. Harsh; severe; uncivil; as rough usage.

13. Terrible; dreadful.

On the rough edge of battle, ere it join'd, Satan advanc'd.

14. Rugged; disordered in appearance; coarse.

ROUGH from the tossing surge Ulysses moves.

15. Hairy; shaggy; covered with hairs, bristles and the like.

Why 1828?

Word of the Day

importance

IMPORT'ANCE, n.

1. Weight; consequence; a bearing on some interest; that quality of any thing by which it may affect a measure, interest or result. The education of youth is of great importance to a free government. A religious education is of infinite importance to every human being.

2. Weight or consequence in the scale of being.

Thy own importance know.

Nor bound thy narrow views to things below.

3. Weight or consequence in self-estimation.

He believes himself a man of importance.

4. Thing implied; matter; subject; importunity. [In these senses, obsolete.]

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disblame

DISBLAME, v.t. To clear from blame. [Not used.]

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